The importance of female heads of HOUSEHOLDs in providing the basic needs of HOUSEHOLD members on the one hand and the limitations they face in most socio-economic fields have made it necessary to pay attention to the issues of female heads of HOUSEHOLDs in most societies including our country. The purpose of this study is to use the systematic review method to review and evaluate the policy proposals that have been proposed in Iran for women heads of HOUSEHOLDs. A total of 296 articles and 5 reports were identified. In the review and eligibility phase, the total number of selected texts was considered to be 79 texts, of which 62 studies used the quantitative method and 17 studies used the qualitative method. Based on the studies that proposed policy proposals, the characteristics of female heads of the HOUSEHOLD, the axes of vulnerability, the evaluation of policies and proposals were determined. The findings showed that more policy proposals were made based on the characteristics of low literacy, being unemployed, and being middle-aged. Based on the axes of vulnerability, women heads of HOUSEHOLDs are more vulnerable psychologically and socially than they are materially vulnerable in many cases. The evaluation of policies for women heads of HOUSEHOLDs showed that the most interventions for the empowerment of women heads of HOUSEHOLDs were focused on the economic field and were mainly pursued in the form of financial payments and did not pay enough attention to other aspects of women's empowerment, while the empowerment of women heads of HOUSEHOLDs was successful when It is expected to simultaneously pay attention to their mental health and improve their social and economic status.

Background: Fairness in financial contribution for health was determined by WHO (World Health Report, 2000) as the third goal of health systems which is measured by fairness in financial contribution index (FFCI). The aim of this study was to estimate FFCI and quantify extent of catastrophic HOUSEHOLD heath expenditures.Methods: We conducted a descriptive study during May 2008. Subjects were chosen by “Systematic Random sampling” among residents of Maskan’s population- based research center (Maskan Center) in Kermanshah, Iran. After completing informed consent form, we collected data using a questionnaire by interview with head of family. In order to describing data and estimating FFCI, we used descriptive statistics and WHO methodology, respectively. HOUSEHOLDs with catastrophic expenditures and impoverished HOUSEHOLDs were defined as those with health expenditures over 40% and 50% of their ability to pay, respectively.Results: The mean age of head of families was 48.96±12.86 years. From 189; 12.7% of HOUSEHOLD's heads were female. 75.1% of HOUSEHOLDs were covered by at least one health insurance scheme. FFCI was 0.57. The proportion of HOUSEHOLDs facing catastrophic health expenditures was 22.2% (95% CI=16.3%-28.1%) Conclusion: The rate of FFCI among participants implied an inequality in health financing contribution. In addition, many of HOUSEHOLDs (22.2%) faced catastrophic health expenditures while according to WHO estimation, the figure in the whole country was 2% in 1999. Our study revealed the importance of protecting HOUSEHOLDs against the costs of ill-health.

This paper provides an empirical investigation on individual labour supply of Iranian spouses in an intra-HOUSEHOLD collective decision framework in which gender ratio plays a central role in the HOUSEHOLD’s resources allocation. The data set is taken from the socioeconomic characteristics of panel survey over the period 2001-2004 and ten yearly headcount of Iran. We have conducted the parameters estimation and hypothesis testing by generalized procedure of sample selection in a panel setting. Our findings evidence that females’ labour supply is affected by the gender ratio (total number of males over the females in the same provinces, both in the urban and rural areas) significantly and strongly. In addition, the own wage of couples drives spouse’s individual work hours positively, and the sign of cross wage effect is negative but less than the own wages’ coefficient in absolute value. These results are compatible with the theoretical expectations. Although the paper does not have any theoretical contributions, this is the first attempt and application of collective decision theory in Iranian economy.

One of the premier themes in most of previous moral and literary works is practical wisdom, i. e ethics and human treasure subject. From the old times, poets and writers have taken the responsibility of demonstrating moral values and vices to distinguish a boundary between worths and their contrast. One of the epic works in Persian Literature in the late fifth century is Bahman Nama by Hakim Iransh Ibn Abi-al-khayr, which is about life of Bahman, Esfandiar's son, and his battles against Rostames family. Hakim Iranshah could eloquently reflect religious, moral, social, HOUSEHOLD and civil policy teachings throughout his book. The present article studies different aspects of HOUSEHOLD management in Bahman Nama. The findings show that besides being familiar with wisdom in ancient Iran, hakim has a comprehensive familiarity with Islamic education, so that he could express it beautifully in his poem book.

AbstractDemographic variables play a decisive role in the level of savings. Therefore, the present research, using cross-sectional data and measuring the amount of savings among urban HOUSEHOLDs in Tehran, intends to test its relationship with age transition. The research method is secondary analysis. The investigated data includes the information of 18,610 participating HOUSEHOLDs in the sampling of the expenses and incomes of urban HOUSEHOLDs in Tehran province in 2017 which is done annually by the Iranian Statistics Center and its raw information is provided to researchers. In this research From Dyson's theory of age transition and Modigliani and Endo's life cycle theory used as the theoretical framework of the research. The research findings show that the average percentage of savings among the surveyed middle to low HOUSEHOLDs is 21.80. Also, based on the results of T, F mean difference tests, the average HOUSEHOLD savings according to the age variables of the head of the HOUSEHOLD. Gender and activity status are different. Also, the results show that the life cycle theory applies in the urban economy of Tehran and active young population has a more significant savings rate than the two spectrums of children-teenagers and the elderly. Keywords: age transition, HOUSEHOLD savings, HOUSEHOLD head age, life cycle Model.

The HOUSEHOLD structure in contemporary societies is different from decades ago, and in many countries new forms of HOUSEHOLD have emerged. This study aimed to investigate changes in HOUSEHOLD structure over the past 35 years (1984-2018) in Iran. For this purpose, HOUSEHOLD Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) data were analyzed. The findings revealed that the percentage of various types of HOUSEHOLDs (i. e one-person, singleparent and married couples without children) have increased. On the other hand, the share of extended and composite HOUSEHOLDs has declined during the time. Although nuclear HOUSEHOLDs have always been the overwhelming majority of HOUSEHOLDs, their number has decreased in the last decade. The main reasons for this pattern are cultural and religious context and the long-term staying of children at parent’ s home. It can be concluded that although the family and HOUSEHOLD structure have been relatively stable for decades, the process of change has started. However, instead of moving towards becoming an independence Western family model, it has taken on the characteristics of family model of emotional interdependence.